This is a database of peer-reviewed literature that focuses on Genetic Biocontrol research. The latest are shown here.
Public Perception of Genetically Modified Organisms and the Implementation of Biosafety Measures in Kenya
Background:
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are an important nexus of biotechnology, agriculture, and research. GMOs have gained popularity because of their potential to address global food insecurity. However, the widespread adoption of GMOs has sparked debates and controversies. This study collected data on the threats and effects of the GMO ban and the status of implementation of Biosafety Act and Cartagena Protocol on biosafety in Kenya. The findings are important in addressing gaps in the current GMO regulations and implementation aimed at increasing awareness of GMO technology as well as informing policy on biotechnology.
Kunyanga Nkirote Catherine, B. Roy Mugiira, N. Josephat Muchiri, “Public Perception of Genetically Modified Organisms and the Implementation of Biosafety Measures in Kenya”, Advances in Agriculture, vol. 2024, Article ID 5544617, 15 pages, 2024.
Mitochondrial DNA variation in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes from Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Background
Wolbachia (Hertig 1936) (Rickettsiales: Ehrlichiaceae) has emerged as a valuable biocontrol tool in the fight against dengue by suppressing the transmission of the virus through mosquitoes. Monitoring the dynamics of Wolbachia is crucial for evaluating the effectiveness of release programs. Mitochondrial (mtDNA) markers serve as important tools for molecular tracking of infected mitochondrial backgrounds over time but require an understanding of the variation in release sites. In this study, we investigated the mitochondrial lineages of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus 1762) in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, which is a prospective release site for the “wAlbBQ” Wolbachia-infected strain of this mosquito species.
Thia, J. A., Endersby-Harshman, N., Collier, S., Nassar, M. S., Tawfik, E. A., Alfageeh, M. B., … & Hoffmann, A. A. (2023). Mitochondrial DNA variation in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes from Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Journal of Medical Entomology, tjad131.
Engineered and natural gene drives: mechanistically the same, yet not same in kind
Background
Thanks to CRISPR-Cas-based gene editing, engineered gene drive has suddenly become feasible as a potential cost-effective pest control tool that could help us resolve wicked challenges. In nature, several organisms harbor genes that “selfishly” drive themselves into populations. This natural gene drive uses similar mechanisms to the ones use today to drive engineered genes into laboratory populations.
We propose the use of the terms natural gene drive (NGD) and engineered gene drive (EGD) arguing against James et al., (James, S. L., O’Brochta, D. A., Randazzo, F., & Akbari, O. S. (2023). A gene drive is a gene drive: the debate over lumping or splitting definitions. nature communications, 14(1), 1749.) who think both should be included within the term “gene drive”, based on their mechanistic similarities.
Medina, R.F., Kuzma, J. Engineered and natural gene drives: mechanistically the same, yet not same in kind. Nat Commun 14, 5994 (2023).
Quantifying the impact of Wolbachia releases on dengue infection in Townsville, Australia
Background
From October 2014 to February 2019, local authorities in Townsville, North Queensland, Australia continually introduced Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes to control seasonal outbreaks of dengue infection. In this study, we develop a mathematical modelling framework to estimate the effectiveness of this intervention as well as the relative dengue transmission rates of Wolbachia-infected and wild-type mosquitoes. We find that the transmission rate of Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes is reduced approximately by a factor of 20 relative to the uninfected wild-type population.
Ogunlade, S. T., Adekunle, A. I., Meehan, M. T., & McBryde, E. S. (2023). Quantifying the impact of Wolbachia releases on dengue infection in Townsville, Australia. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 14932.
Comparison of Ground Release and Drone-Mediated Aerial Release of Aedes aegypti Sterile Males in Southern Mexico: Efficacy and Challenges
Background
Diseases transmitted by the mosquito Aedes aegypti, such as dengue, chikungunya and Zika, affect millions of people in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The sterile insect technique (SIT) is a safe and environmentally benign method of population suppression that could be applied to reduce mosquito-transmitted disease. SIT involves the release of large numbers of sterile male insects that then compete with wild males in mating with females. The females that mate with sterile males do not produce viable offspring. To test this technique within a pilot-scale trial in a village in southern Mexico, we compared two methods for the weekly release of large numbers (approximately 85,000 males/week) of sterile males that were marked with colored powders for later identification.
Marina, C. F., Liedo, P., Bond, J. G., R. Osorio, A., Valle, J., Angulo-Kladt, R., … & Williams, T. (2022). Comparison of ground release and drone-mediated aerial release of Aedes aegypti sterile males in southern Mexico: efficacy and challenges. Insects, 13(4), 347.
Malaria Vaccines: Progress to Date
Background
Malaria is a mosquito-borne disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium. Despite significant declines in malaria-attributable morbidity and mortality over the last two decades, it remains a major public health burden in many countries. This underscores the critical need for improved strategies to prevent, treat and control malaria if we are to ultimately progress towards the eradication of this disease. Ideally, this will include the development and deployment of a highly effective malaria vaccine that is able to induce long-lasting protective immunity. There are many malaria vaccine candidates in development, with more than a dozen of these in clinical development. RTS,S/AS01 (also known as Mosquirix) is the most advanced malaria vaccine and was shown to have modest efficacy against clinical malaria in phase III trials in 5- to 17-month-old infants. Following pilot implementation trials, the World Health Organisation has recommended it for use in Africa in young children who are most at risk of infection with P. falciparum, the deadliest of the human malaria parasites.
Stanisic, D.I., Good, M.F. Malaria Vaccines: Progress to Date. BioDrugs (2023).
Bioinformatic and literature assessment of toxicity and allergenicity of a CRISPR-Cas9 engineered gene drive to control Anopheles gambiae the mosquito vector of human malaria
Background
Population suppression gene drive is currently being evaluated, including via environmental risk assessment (ERA), for malaria vector control. One such gene drive involves the dsxFCRISPRh transgene encoding (i) hCas9 endonuclease, (ii) T1 guide RNA (gRNA) targeting the doublesex locus, and (iii) DsRed fluorescent marker protein, in genetically-modified mosquitoes (GMMs). Problem formulation, the first stage of ERA, for environmental releases of dsxFCRISPRh previously identified nine potential harms to the environment or health that could occur, should expressed products of the transgene cause allergenicity or toxicity.
Qureshi, A., & Connolly, J. B. (2023). Bioinformatic and literature assessment of toxicity and allergenicity of a CRISPR-Cas9 engineered gene drive to control Anopheles gambiae the mosquito vector of human malaria. Malaria Journal, 22(1), 234.
A natural gene drive system confers reproductive isolation in rice
Background
- DUYAO-JIEYAO encodes a toxin-antidote system that confers hybrid male sterility
- DUYAO interacts with OsCOX11 to trigger mitochondrial malfunction and cytotoxicity
- JIEYAO detoxifies DUYAO by rerouting DUYAO to the autophagosome for degradation
- DUYAO-JIEYAO forms a natural gene drive system that may promote speciation in rice
Such a natural gene drive could be engineered to reduce female mosquito transmitted diseases in humans by generating homozygous sterile female mosquitos or male-only populations. Indeed, it will be exciting to see such a system fully exploited for biotechnology and biomedical purposes.
Wang, C., Wang, J., Lu, J., Xiong, Y., Zhao, Z., Yu, X., … & Wan, J. (2023). A natural gene drive system confers reproductive isolation in rice. Cell, 186(17), 3577-3592.
A confinable female-lethal population suppression system in the malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae
Background
Malaria is among the world’s deadliest diseases, predominantly affecting Sub-Saharan Africa and killing over half a million people annually. Controlling the principal vector, the mosquito Anopheles gambiae, as well as other anophelines, is among the most effective methods to control disease spread. Here, we develop a genetic population suppression system termed Ifegenia (inherited female elimination by genetically encoded nucleases to interrupt alleles) in this deadly vector. In this bicomponent CRISPR-based approach, we disrupt a female-essential gene, femaleless (fle), demonstrating complete genetic sexing via heritable daughter gynecide.
Smidler, A. L., Pai, J. J., Apte, R. A., Sánchez C, H. M., Corder, R. M., Jeffrey Gutiérrez, E., … & Akbari, O. S. (2023). A confinable female-lethal population suppression system in the malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae. Science Advances, 9(27), eade8903.
Dual effector population modification gene-drive strains of the African malaria mosquitoes, Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii
Background
Novel genetic strategies for the malaria eradication agenda exploit Cas9/gRNA (guide RNA)-based autonomous gene-drive systems carrying antiparasite effector genes, and these effectively reduce prevalence and numbers of the human parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, in the African malaria mosquitoes, Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii. Results from laboratory assessments of population gene-drive dynamics, transgene genetic loads, and parasite suppression efficacy informed modeling of conceptual field releases that show that hypothetical strains based on the empirical data could have a meaningful epidemiological impact in reducing human incidence by 50 to 90%.
Carballar-Lejarazú, R., Dong, Y., Pham, T. B., Tushar, T., Corder, R. M., Mondal, A., … & James, A. A. (2023). Dual effector population modification gene-drive strains of the African malaria mosquitoes, Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 120(29), e2221118120.